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Scientists believe the earlier fissures spit out slower, thicker and stickier a‘a lava that had been trapped underground by eruptions that occurred years ago. The faster and more fluid pahoehoe that’s been spewing since Thursday afternoon is coming from the summit.

2009: Richard Alley, 08:52 ”…if you put it [anthropogenic CO₂] in models, it is sufficient to explain what happened …so far, we can’t find anything else that is… We don’t have, sort of, pound on the table, this [anthropogenic CO₂] is nailed, we’re done on this one, yet …” Yep, even now, there is no observational evidence that Mannkind’s emissions of CO₂ causes planetary warming. NONE. Dr. Alley: ”…so it surely looks like it…” Well, “supported by the extent of the observational evidence”, it sure looks like ASR is causing warming, and that is ’cause of a decrease in cloud. For one, that is what the models tell us. Trenberth & Fasullo 2009 ”There is an increase in net radiation absorbed, but not in ways commonly assumed. … Instead, the main warming, from an energy budget standpoint, comes from increases in absorbed solar radiation that stem directly from the decreasing cloud amounts.” Trenberth & Fasullo 2009 “Global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation.” Geophysical Research Letters

The lava flow originating from fissure 20 has split into two lobes, both of which are heading toward the 13-mile marker on Highway 137.

There have a been a lot of bad video game movies — and a handful of gems. Where does the giant monster disaster movie “Rampage” land?

M.I.A. and director Romain Gavras had already proven that they could make an unforgettable video with 2010’s highly controversial “Born Free" — and two years later, they did it again with “Bad Girls.” Shot in Morocco, the video depicts Saudi drifting, where cars ride on their sides on only two wheels. Scenes of stunt men and women sitting on the outside of the tilted rides are juxtaposed with shots of M.I.A. and a glam posse of women covered in animal prints and metallic fabrics. Not one to be a bystander, M.I.A. even gets in on the drifting action, as she’s filmed lounging on the passenger door of a white BMW, filing her nails as the car cruises along sideways. How could the duo top that? “The next video needs to be shot on the moon,” Gavras mused in a behind-the-scenes video. “With hookers.”   

Here’s a new rule: Chase the hard-earned success of your full-length project with a sun-kissed loosie alongside Calvin Harris. Khalid and Frank Ocean were already believers, and once her 2017 self-titled debut made her a worldwide star, Dua Lipa raised the stakes with this steamy, Harris-assisted Euro-house banger. “One Kiss” was a bona fide Song of the Summer contender in the U.K., topping the Singles Chart for eight consecutive weeks; in America, it became a sturdy Top 40 staple, proving that one big-time dance producer could still channel Ibiza at 3 a.m. on pop radio played in L.A. traffic jams. – C.P.

Industry lawyers say a ruling for the residents would pose an even larger threat to natural gas operations than the Crowder-Wentz verdict.

That’s what happened to Beth Crowder and David Wentz. In 1975, Crowder and Wentz bought a 300-acre farm on Brush Run, in Doddridge County, just south of Wetzel. Crowder is an artist and Wentz a woodworker. They were part of the “back to the land” movement of the time, when young people moved to the hills of West Virginia to live off the land and be left alone.

This failure was by no means limited to the Times. CNN framed their web story completely around the dire changes that will be coming if we don’t cut emissions of greenhouse gases enough. The story ignored adaptation — not a single mention.

Thank you. And I’ve gone to the file and pasted in the pdf file title as I normally do for exhibits, so all is well. Remember, fire, ready, aim isn’t a good strategy

We passed row after row of looming white cabinets, finally stopping by a set of drawers that looked identical to all the rest. Helz slid one open. I stared inside, momentarily perplexed by the sight of these things that Eichelberger described as beautiful.They were dull grayish cylinders, broken into sections a handspan or so long. I lifted one, feeling its cool stone weight. Then I saw clusters of olivine, vivid spring-green crystals protruding from the broken ends. A magnifying glass revealed tiny bubbles, their black inner surfaces as glossy as Christmas tree ornaments.

"As long as you’re circulating enough fluid, the drill bit itself doesn’t know that it’s super hot out there," said Eichelberger. "It doesn’t even know it’s liquid, because you’re quenching this stuff to glass ahead of the drill bit."But no one conducted such experiments in the IDDP Krafla well before it was sealed. The glassy drill cuttings and measurements taken inside the well shaft provided tantalizing bits of data, but those only raised new mysteries.For example, the temperature down the well rose far more suddenly than Eichelbeger or his colleagues would have expected, jumping from about 850 to about 1550 degrees Fahrenheit in the last 100 feet, said Yan Lavallee, a co-leader of the Krafla Magma Testbed project and also the chair of volcanology and magmatic processes at the University of Liverpool in England."That in itself defeats all of our models of how heat is transferred from the magma in the rock," said Lavallee.Another mystery is why the drill cuttings were almost all glass. Most geologists would expect magma near the top of a chamber to cool and crystallize, said Eichelberger. The absence of crystals may mean that the chamber roof is melting upward — or it may mean something else that they can’t yet predict.The answers to such questions could clarify general principles of how magma melts and moves, said Eichelberger. He hopes that such discoveries could be applied to other volcanoes around the world, leading to better monitoring and safety for the millions of people who live near an active volcano.Volcanoes with modern monitoring systems rarely erupt without warning, although there are exceptions, such as the Mount Ontake eruption that killed 31 hikers in Japan in 2014. But false alarms are still a major problem, triggering disruptive and potentially dangerous evacuations and reducing people’s confidence in future warnings, said Eichelberger. Moreover, Lavallee added, even if volcanologists can say when an eruption will happen, they often don’t know how."It’s like, ‘Oh yeah, magma is about it come out. But is it going to flow, or is it going to blow?’" he said.In some cases, said Lavallee, it may even be worth drilling into the magma chambers of other volcanoes that pose an eruption risk, and installing instruments to monitor activity at their source. Before any such project could move forward, however, researchers would have to reassure people that it would be safe.The IDDP well showed that magma can be drilled into safely at Krafla, but Eichelberger acknowledges that drilling in other volcanic areas could pose dangers. For example, magma wells could potentially release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas — a problem officials are currently struggling with as Kilauea’s ongoing eruption stirs up magma beneath the Puna Geothermal Venture plant in Hawaii.